Saturday, 2 April 2016

اسئلة مختارة عن الفصل السادس لقصة جاليفر

  Chapter (6)
A ) Answer the following questions :
1 – Why did Gulliver think he had made an enemy of the king?
-         Because the king thought he was a toy and the farmer tricked the queen.
2 – How do you think life will be different for Gulliver in the palace?
-         I think he will live a comfortable life and won't work hard
3 – Do you think Gulliver will be happy in the palace?
-         I think he will be happy as he will be comfortable.
4 – What did the king think of Gulliver at first?
-         He thought he was a toy.
5 – What made the king decide Gulliver was telling the truth?
-         When he asked the farmer, his daughter and the queen about him.
6 – Where did Gulliver stay in the palace? and describe it?
-         He stayed in a home It was the size of a box it had a door and large windows . The walls were soft and the roof could be lifted up.
7 – Who did Gulliver eat with?
-         He ate with the queen ,the daughters and Glumdalclitch . The king joined them on Wednesdays.
8 – Mention some of bad things that happened to Gulliver at the palace?
       1 – The servant dropped him into cream   2 – he put his legs into the bone
       3 – He made apples fall on him                4 – The bees came to his house
       5 – A monkey carried him up to the top of the palace.

9 – After the dog accident what did Glumdalclitch promise Gulliver ? Do you think he          was happy with this?
-         She promised not to leave him alone. I think he was not happy as he wanted more privacy.
10 – What did Gulliver know about the geography of the country?
-         He knew that there were mountains in the north , there were no harbours , they get their fish from rivers and there were 51 cities.
11 – Where did the monkey take Gulliver?
-         It took him to the top of the palace roof.
12- In his speech  the king proved to be a well- educated man .illustrate
………………………………………………………………………..
13- Write about the contrast in this chapter and how it emphasizes the writer’s point of view ?
………………………………………………………………………………..
14- What  are similarities the writer depicts in this chapter considering civilization as a contrast ?   
……………………………………………………………………………….





Thursday, 10 March 2016

احدى روائع الادب الافريقى فى القصة االقصيرة dead men's bath

درب الموتى
Dead Men's Path
قصة قصيرة
بقلم: شينوا اشيبي* (1930- )
CHINUA ACHEBE
ترجمة: د. فراس عالم
لم يكن (مايكل اوبي) يتوقع أن تتحقق أمنياته بهذه السرعة ، فقد تم تعينه مديراً لمدرسة( ندوم )المركزية في يناير 1949. كانت المدرسة من المدارس المتأخرة في المنطقة و قد قرر المسؤلون إسناد إدارتها إلى مدرس شاب و نشيط لإصلاح شأنها. قبل (اوبي) المهمة بحماسة و وجدها فرصة مناسبة لتطبيق أفكاره الخلاقة على أرض الواقع.                                                                                                               
حصل (اوبي) على تعليم ثانوي متميز نال بفضله لقب "مدرس أول" في التقارير المهنية مما جعله متفوقا على زملائه من مدراء المدارس الآخرين. كما كان صريحا في انتقاده لضيق الأفق الذي يلازم زملائه الأكبر سناً و الأقل تعليماً.                                                              
-"سنقوم بعمل رائع في تلك المدرسة" كانت تلك هي العبارة التي قالها لزوجته الشابة عند سماعه خبر ترقيته المبهج
-"سنقدم أفضل ما عندنا" أجابته زوجته ، ثم تابعت " سيكون لمنزلنا هناك حديقة جميلة و سأجعل كل شيء فيه حديثاً و عصرياً"
خلال فترة زواجهما البالغة عامين تمكن مايكل أن ينقل لها عدوى حماسته للحداثة و نفوره من "المدرسين القدامى و التقليدين الذين يراهم أقرب إلى الباعة في سوق شعبي منهم إلى التدريس".                                                                                         
أخذت تتخيل نفسها وهي محط الإعجاب كزوجة للمدير الشاب و ملكة للمدرسة، وبالطبع ستحسدها زوجات المدرسين على مكانتها، ستعتني بكافة التفاصيل في المدرسة ...و فجأة خطرت ببالها فكرة ألا يكون هناك زوجات أخريات معها، متأرجحة بين الخوف والرجاء سألت زوجها عن وضع          زملائه المدرسين و هي تترقب إجابته بقلق.                                                                                                               
-"كل زملائنا هناك من الشباب و غير متزوجين" أجابها بحماسة لم تشعر في هذه المرة أنها تشاركه فيها، لكنه تابع
_" وهذا أمر جيد!"                                                                                                
-" لماذا؟"                                                                                                  
-" لماذا؟ لأنهم سيكرسون كامل وقتهم و جهدهم للمدرسة"                                                             
شعرت (نانسي) بالاكتئاب، ولدقائق قليلة أصبحت تشكك في جدوى الانتقال للمدرسة الجديدة، لكن امتعاضها سرعان ما تلاشى أمام سعادة زوجها وآماله الكبيرة. أخذت تتأمله وهو جالس بوضع منحني على المقعد، كان أحدب الكتفين ويبدو لمن يراه هشاً و سهل الكسر لكنه في بعض الأحيان يفاجئ الآخرين بموجة من الطاقة البدنية الهائلة. بدا لها في مجلسه في تلك اللحظة أن مصدر كل تلك الطاقة يكمن في نظرة عينيه الغائرتين والتي تمنحه قدرة عاتية على الاختراق. كان في السادسة و العشرين من العمر لكن يبدو و كأنه في الثلاثين أو أكبر و في العموم لم يكن يخلو من وسامة ظاهرة.
-" بنس مقابل ما تفكر فيه يا مايك" قالتها (نانسي) بعد برهة صمت مقلدة المجلات النسائية التي تقرأها                              
-" كنت أفكر في الفرصة العظيمة التي حصلنا عليها لنري الناس كيف تدار المدرسة كما ينبغي"                                       
كانت مدرسة (ندوم) متخلفة بكل ما تحمله الكلمة من معنى و قد كرس لها الأستاذ (اوبي) و زوجته كامل وقتهما وقد جعل نصب عينية هدفين رئيسيين ، تقديم مستوى عال من التعليم و تحويل مبنى المدرسة إلى مكان يشع بالجمال، وقد تحقق حلم زوجته بالحديقة المزهرة عندما هطلت الأمطار و تفتحت الورد الحمراء و الصفراء على شجيرات (الهيبيكوس) و (الالماندا) المكونة لسياج الحديقة المحيط بفناء المدرسة من الخارج في منظر بديع.
ذات يوم و بينما كان أوبي يتأمل نتاج عمله بإعجاب رأى منظراً أشعره بالخزي، فقد رأى امرأه قروية عجوز تعرج عابرة فناء المدرسة و قد داست حوض أزهار (الماري جولد) و سياج الشجيرات القصير. و بتفحصه للمكان أبصر أثراً باهتاً لطريق مهجور يمر عبر فناء المدرسة رابطاً بين القرية و بين الدغل في الجهة الأخرى.                                                                                                               
-" أنا مندهش" قالها اوبي لأحد المدرسين -و الذي قضى ثلاث سنوات في المدرسة- ثم هز رأسه منفعلا و تابع
-" كيف تسمحون للقروين باستخدام طريق يمر عبر المدرسة؟ هذا ببساطة لا يعقل"                          
أجابه المدرس معتذراً                                                                                              
-" ذلك الطريق مقدس جداً عند القروين، فهو يربط بين المقام المقدس في القرية و بين المدافن، كما أنه نادراً ما يستخدم"
-" و ما علاقة المدرسة بكل هذا؟" تساءل المدير                                                                                
هز المدرس كتفه قبل أن يجيب                                                                                                 
-" لا أدري، لكنني أتذكر أن شجاراً كبيراً حصل منذ زمن عندما حاولنا إغلاق الطريق"                                        
-" كان هذا في ما مضى. لكنه لن يستخدم بعد اليوم" قال له المدير و هو يبتعد بخطوات حازمة و يضيف                        
" ما الذي سيقوله عنا مدير التعليم عندما يأتي في جولته التفتيشية الأسبوع القادم؟ ربما سيجد القروين و قد احتلوا غرفة في المدرسة لممارسة طقوسهم الوثنية فيها وقت زيارته".                                                                                                                               
تم غرس قضبان ثقيلة على مسافات متقاربة لتسد الطريق من مدخله و مخرجه في طرفي فناء المدرسة، كما تمت تقويتها بأسلاك شائكة لفت من حولها.                                                                                                                                                 
بعد ثلاثة أيام قدم كاهن القرية للمدرسة طالباً مقابلة المدير، كان رجلا متقدما في السن محدودب الظهر يستعين بعصا غليظة لمساعدته في المشي و كان يطرق بها الأرض بقوة عندما يشدد على نقاط مهمة في حديثه. و بعد تبادل الأحاديث الودية شرع الكاهن في الكلام                                
-" لقد نما إلى علمي أن درب الأسلاف قد تم إغلاقه"                                                                                                
-" أجل" أجابه السيد (أوبي)، ثم تابع" لا نستطيع أن ان نجعل الناس تتخذ من فناء المدرسة طريقاً عاماً"                                          
طرق الكاهن العجوز على الارض بعصاه ثم قال                                                                                                
" أنظر يا بني، هذا الطريق موجود قبل أن تولد أنت، و قبل أن يولد أبوك، حياة القرية بالكامل تعتمد على هذا الطريق. أقاربنا الموتى يغادرون عبره، و سلافنا يزروننا عبره، لكن الأهم من ذلك إنه الطريق الذي يأتي من خلاله الأطفال الذين سيولدون"                                                       
استمع السيد أوبي لحديث الرجل و على وجهه ابتسامة رضى ثم أجابه                                                                                        
-" الهدف الاساسي لوجود مدرستنا هو اقتلاع هذه المعتقدات من العقول، الموتى لا يحتاجون ممشى على الأرض، الفكرة بكاملها خرافة. مهمتنا هنا هي تعليم الأطفال أن يسخروا من مثل هذه الأفكار"                                                                                                    
-" قد يكون ما تقوله صحيحاً" أجابه الكاهن العجوز ثم أضاف " لكننا نتبع ما كان يفعله أباؤنا، و إذا فتحت الطريق لن يكون لدينا ما نتشاجر بشأنه. ما أردده دائماً: دع الصقر يحط رحالة و دع النسر يفعل ذلك أيضاً". و هم الرجل بالنهوض                                                                  
رد عليه المدير الشاب                                                                                                                                          
-" أنا آسف. لا يمكن أن نجعل فناء المدرسة طريقاً عاماً. إن ذلك مخالف للأنظمة، ما رايك في أن تقيموا طريقاً آخر يلتف حول المبنى، و سوف نجعل الأولاد يساعدونكم في إنشائه، لا أعتقد أن الأسلاف سيجدون الانعطاف البسيط أمراً مرهقاً لهم"                                                            
-" لا يوجد لدي شيء لأضيفه" قال الرجل العجوز و هو يغادر المكان.                                                                                      
عد ذلك الحديث بيومين توفيت امراة قروية خلال ولادة متعسرة، تمت استشارة عراف القرية فأمر بتقديم تضحيات عظيمة لاسترضاء الأسلاف الذين تمت إهانتهم بالسياج الذي سد الدرب المقدس.                                                                                                                 
استيقظ الأستاذ (أوبي) في صباح اليوم التالي على الخراب الذي حل بمدرسته، حيث تم تدمير الأسيجة النباتية الجميلة ليس فقط من ناحية الدرب المسدود بل من جميع الجهات المحيطة بالفناء، كما تم دهس الأزهار الجميلة بلا شفقة، بل إن أحد مباني المدرسة تم هدمه...
صادف ذلك اليوم يوم زيارة مشرف التعليم ذي الأصول البيضاء للتفتيش على المدرسة، والذي كتب تقريراً سيئاً عن حالة المبنى لكن الاسوأ كان ما كتبه عن " حالة الحرب و العداء بين المدرسة و القرية و التي سببها الحماسة الغير رشيدة لمدير المدرسة الجديد"

* شينوا أشيبي: كاتب نيجيري يكتب بالانجليزية.




النص الأصلي بالانجليزية
Dead Men's Path
Chinua Achebe


Michael Obi's hopes were fulfilled much ear-lier than he had expected. He was appointed headmaster of Ndume Central School1 in Janu-ary 1949. It had always been an unprogressive school, so the Mission authorities decided to send a young and energetic man to run it. Obi accepted this responsibility with enthusiasm. He had many wonderful ideas and this was an op-portunity to put them into practice. He had had sound secondary school education which desig-nated him a "pivotal teacher" in the official rec-ords and set him apart from the other headmas-ters in the mission field. He was outspoken in his condemnation of the narrow views of these older and often less-educated ones.
"We shall make a good job of it, shan't we?" he asked his young wife when they first heard the joyful news of his promotion.
"We shall do our best," she replied. "We shall have such beautiful gardens and everything will be just modern and delightful. . . ." In their two years of married life she had become completely infected by his passion for "modern methods" and his denigration of "these old and superannu-ated people in the teaching field who would be better employed as traders in the Onitsha2 mar-ket." She began to see herself already as the admired wife of the young headmaster, the queen of the school.
The wives of the other teachers would envy her position. She would set the fashion in every-thing. . . . Then, suddenly, it occurred to her that there might not be other wives. Wavering between hope and fear, she asked her husband, looking anxiously at him.
"All our colleagues are young and unmar-ried," he said with enthusiasm, which for once she did not share. "Which is a good thing," he continued.
"Why?"
"Why? They will give all their time and en-ergy to the school."
Nancy was downcast. For a few minutes she became skeptical about the new school; but it was only for a few minutes. Her little personal misfortune could not blind her to her husband's happy prospects. She looked at him as he sat folded up in a chair. He was stoop-shouldered and looked frail. But he sometimes surprised people with sudden bursts of physical energy. In his present posture, however, all his bodily strength seemed to have retired behind his deep-set eyes, giving them an extraordinary power of penetration. He was only twenty-six, but looked thirty or more. On the whole, he was not unhandsome.
"A penny for your thoughts, Mike," said Nancy after a while, imitating the woman's mag-azine she read.
"I was thinking what a grand opportunity we've got at last to show these people how a school should be run."
Ndume School was backward in every sense of the word. Mr. Obi put his whole life into the work, and his wife hers too. He had two aims. A high standard of teaching was insisted upon, and the school compound was to be turned into a place of beauty. Nancy's dream-gardens came to life with the coming of the rains, and blossomed. Beautiful hibiscus and alla-manda hedges in brilliant red and yellow marked out the carefully tended school com-pound from the rank neighborhood bushes.
One evening as Obi was admiring his work he was scandalized to see an old woman from the village hobble right across the compound, through a marigold flower-bed and the hedges. On going up there he found faint signs of an al-most disused path from the village across the school compound to the bush on the other side.
"It amazes me," said Obi to one of his teach-ers who had been three years in the school, "that you people allowed the villagers to make use of this footpath. It is simply incredible." He shook his head.
"The path," said the teacher apologetically, "appears to be very important to them. Although it is hardly used, it connects the village shrine with their place of burial."
"And what has that got to do with the school?" asked the headmaster.
"Well, I don't know," replied the other with a shrug of the shoulders. "But I remember there was a big row3 some time ago when we at-tempted to close it."
"That was some time ago. But it will not be used now," said Obi as he walked away. "What will the iiovernment Education Officer think of this when he comes to inspect the school next week? The villagers might, for all I know, decide to use the schoolroom for a pagan ritual during the inspection."
Heavy sticks were planted closely across the path at the two places where it entered and left the school premises. These were further strengthened with barbed wire.
Three days later the village priest of Ani4 called on the headmaster. He was an old man and walked with a slight stoop. He carried a stout walking-stick which he usually tapped on the floor, by way of emphasis, each time he made a new point in his argument.
"I have heard," he said after the usual ex change of cordialities, "that our ancestral foot-path has recently been closed. . . ."
"Yes," replied Mr. Obi. "We cannot allow people to make a highway of our school com-pound."

"Look here, my son," said the priest bringing down his walking-stick, "this path was here be-fore you were born and before your father was born. The whole life of this village depends on it. Our dead relatives depart by it and our ances-tors visit us by it. But most important, it is the path of children coming in to be born. . . ."
Mr. Obi listened with a satisfied smile on his face.
"The whole purpose of our school," he said finally, "is to eradicate just such beliefs as that. Dead men do not require footpaths. The whole idea is just fantastic. Our duty is to teach your children to laugh at such ideas."
"What you say may be true," replied the priest, "but we follow the practices of our fa-thers. If you reopen the path we shall have noth-ing to quarrel about. What I always say is: let the hawk perch and let the eagle perch." He rose to go.
"1 am sorry," said the young headmaster. "But the school compound cannot be a thor-oughfare. It is against our regulations. I would suggest your constructing another path, skirting our premises. We can even get our boys to help in building it. I don't suppose the ancestors will find the little detour too burdensome."
"I have no more words to say," said the old priest, already outside.
Two days later a young woman in the village died in childbed.5 A diviner6 was immediately consulted and he prescribed heavy sacrifices to propitiate ancestors insulted by the fence.
Obi woke up next morning among the ruins of his work. The beautiful hedges were torn up not just near the path but right round the school, the flowers trampled to death and one of the school buildings pulled down. . . . That day, the white Supervisor came to inspect the school and wrote a nasty report on the state of the premises but more seriously about the "tribal-war situation developing between the school and the village, arising in part from the mis-guided zeal of the new headmaster."

Monday, 4 January 2016

Questions and answers (Gulliver's Travels ) chapter 1 the journey to Lilliput

Chapter 1
Questions
1- What did Lemuel Gulliver  study ? why?
    He studied medicine to be a surgeon.
2-  Who was Mr. Bates?
 He was the surgeon Lemuel Gulliver worked for as an apprentice.
3- Why did he have to take another job?
 - Because there was little work for a surgeon in London
4- What did Lemuel Gulliver  do in his free time? Why?
   He  learned how to sail so that one day he could leave England and  explore the world.
 5- What favour did Mr. Bates do to Lemuel Gulliver?
  -  Mr. Bates helped him to get work as a surgeon on a ship .
6 -What prevented Lemuel Gulliver from settling down in London?
 - Work was not easy to find in London
 7-What did he do in his free time on the ship?
 - He read books and taught himself to speak several languages.
8-What did Lemuel Gulliver do before the ship sank?
He climbed into a lifeboat with five other sailors and they were able to escape.
9-How did the other sailors meet their end?
They rowed for some distance, but the sea did not become calmer. A huge wave hit them and they were all thrown into the sea.
10-Why was it impossible for Gulliver to stand up in the morning?
Because his arms, his legs and even his hair were all somehow fastened to the ground.
11-How was Gulliver tied to the ground?
Thin ropes were tied around his body and neck.
12-What was moving up Gulliver’s body? What was it like?
It was a human, but this human was only about fifteen centimetres tall.
13-What was the small man carrying?
  He was carrying a bow and arrow
14-How was the people on that island different from other people ?
 They were very small (tiny ). They were only about fifteen centimetres tall.
15-What did the little people do when Gulliver set free his arm?
They shouted something in a strange language. They began shooting their arrows at Gulliver. He felt hundreds of arrows hit my left hand.
16-When did the little men become quiet and stop shooting their arrows?
Because they could see that Gulliver was not trying to escape
17-What did Gulliver think they were doing on hearing wood being cut?
He guessed they were building something. It was a wooden platform.
18-How did Gulliver know that the man was an important?
The man was wearing important–looking clothes. There was a servant on each side of his.
19-How could Gulliver communicate with the people  of the island although he didn’t speak their language?
He used sign language. He pointed to his mouth to show them that he was hungry and thirsty.
20-How did the guards try to protect Gulliver?
 The guards stopped them from climbing on Gulliver’s body. They arrested the six people who shot him.
 21-How did the guards try to punish people who hurt Gulliver?
They tied their hands together and pushed them towards him. 
 22-What did Gulliver do to punish people who hurt him?

He picked them up , put five of them in his pocket and held the other one in his hand and picked up a knife. He laughed and moved the knife towards the little man's hands. They all looked horrified.

HOW IT WORKS: Car Transmissions (720p)

Saturday, 26 December 2015

قصة بالعربى (الذاكرة ممتلئة)

 الذاكرة ممتلئة

الرسالة تقول ان الذاكرة ممتلئة - ..لم يعد ممكنا ان يستوعب هذا الشىء الصغير المحشور فى احدى فتحات اللاب توب اى شىء اخر -
 نعم الذاكرة ممتلئة    توقف مخة العملاق.. يجب التخلص من بعض الملفات... يجب محوها ...يجب تحرير الذاكرة... هكذا قالت الرسالة   ...
 قمت الى الحمام لم اشعر الا الحين اننى مثقل بهموم لاتستوعبها ذاكرتى... ست ساعات من العمل المتواصل ... كلمات, ترجمات, ملفات, تحضير دروس رسائل ,شير, تعليق ,شجب ,شكر -
 سأشرب الشاى الذى أعددتة منذ ساعة .نعم نسيت أنى أعددتة أصلا! -
رن الهاتف تبينت صوتة من بين عدة اصوات فى سيمفونية مجنونة من الضجيج يصر بائع الغاز وهو يدق على حديد احدى الاسطوانت الفارغة ان يبيع مابقى معة - الغاز الطبيعى دخل البيوت !!!
- رن الموبايل ثانية ! .. من . ؟ لمن هذا الرقم ؟غريبة لنفس الرقم اتصال منذ ساعة كيف لم اسمعة من هو
 - من يكون ؟  لاأعرف !!االسلام عليكم من .... لا لاتقل هذا هه والله ؟ جد !!....... كان اخى .هذا رقم اخر له .
لا لم اسجلة عندى - كنا ذاهبون لزيارة ..... الرجل مريض .." هل اتفقنا على ذلك!! -اى نعم!!
 "بالامس التقيتك على باب البيت كنت ذاهب و انا راجع ".
" قالت زوجتى ان معلمة البنت تشتكى منها لقد نسيت جدول الضرب "  ..." الولد تشاجر فى المدرسة "
-هل اعددت لنا شيئا نأكلة عندى عمل بعد سويعات !!
قالت ".... اتصل بامى فقد كانت عند الطبيب اليوم " سلامتها ....نعم سافعل
" 
"
تؤلمنى قدمى اعرف انها الاملاح .نعم  .. نعم انا ايضا وقفت ساعات, صعدت ونزلت عدة مرات ....
 هل يمكن ان احظى بقيلولة...؟ صاح الاولاد.... تشاجروا .. صرخت فيهم الام   أبوكم ناااااايم...!
      جرت بالعصا خلف من بدا الشجار اسرعت الصغيرة الشقية لتختبىء خلفى. ارتج السرير ....فزع النوم ....
لم يجد له مكان .
   جاءوا جميعهم يشتكون الى.. حان ميعاد العمل .
ارتديت اول قميص قابلنى, وضعت قدمى فى الحذاء المنتظر على باب الشقة
 .الزحام شديد....يبدو ان كل الناس قد تركت بيوتها وخرجت الى الطرقات ... مرت خمس دقائق, عشرة ,عشرون وجدت مكانا.... راح السائق يشق طريقة فى بحر متلاطم الامواج... غير المسار,, سار فى ازقة, اجتاز حشود من زحام, تظاهرة, واندك عند كل مطب, وارتج عند كل حفرة, صعد على ماتبقى من رصيف وخاض فى مياة ,.وزعق بالنفير فى كل كبير وصغير , لم اغادر ظللت فى مكانى شىء ما قيدنى ,مر مكان نزولى وانا ارمقة بلا مبالاة , حين وصل الى طريق البحر هناك فى هذا المكان حيث من المعتاد ان يسرع الجميع هناك حيث لاسكن والفراغ النادر ,والسكون الحصرى هذه المساحة الغير ماهولة من ذاكرة الاماكن هذه البقعة الهاربة من سطوة الزحام - سانزل هنا رمقنى الجميع شى مافى داخلى تكلم الذاكرة ممتلئة يجب محو بعض الملفات الجالس بجوارى ازال سماعات الاذن وهو ينظر الى بدهشة" نازل يااستاذ ؟!
"
جيجا بايت " اقصد "ايوة نعم " .
زكريا الاسكندرية اكتوبر 2014

Migratory birds

 Migratory  birds  
 Have you ever asked yourself how  migratory  birds prepare for such long  flights when it can take some of us days just to prepare one suitcase for a weekend trip?
     Before departure, migratory birds become gluttons. They overeat and store body fat. They eat almost without restraint. A bird that is about to migrate alters its diet so drastically that it eats about 30% more than normal in calories, with a special appetite for fatty foods. This change in diet makes the bird’s digestion and metabolism more efficient, increasing the bird’s fat stores by almost half its body weight. The human equivalent would be a 150lb person gaining 75lbs by the end of a month. Can you imagine such a transformation? It is almost too incredible! Still harder to believe is the fact that in the time it takes the bird to migrate, which is one or two weeks, the bird will lose almost all the fat they gained.
      But why is so much fat important to a bird about to migrate? One might think that such an increase in weight might negatively impact a bird’s flight ability, like an airplane that has taken on too much luggage. The difference is that the birds have overloaded themselves with what is practically pure energy and water—resources that are imperative for the thousands of miles of flight between winter homes and breeding grounds that some species undertake.  Our migratory birds will have become little balls of fat and water before they leave their wintering sites.
             Since the exertion of flying produces so much heat, birds can become dehydrated on long flights, the way your levels of thirst will differ between running around your neighborhood block and completing a half-marathon. Normally birds do their migratory flying at night, because one of the simplest ways to control dehydrationالجفاف is by flying in currents of cold air, which are easily found at great heights, or when the sun is down. Another reason for flying at night is to use the stars as guides and avoid predatorsالمفترسين. I find that the former motive provides a more beautiful image: birds still follow the stars the way our greatest navigators circled the globe centuries ago—think Marco Polo or Ferdinand Magellan. But these explorers also used compasses to get around . It is likely that some birds have something similar to an internal compass that allows them to detect surrounding magnetic fields and use them as pointers on migratory flights.
 Of course, it seems like it’d still be easier to fly by day.   Sure Magellan and Polo enjoyed having the information the sun can provide ,so  some migratory birds
prefer to fly by day. These birds tend to use the position of the sun (many birds might be able to see polarized light, making this easier even on cloudy days), cuesالعظة from surrounding terrainالتضاريس , the magnetic fields, and, though you may be skeptical المتشككينagain, smells and sounds. There is reason to believe that homing pigeons can hear infrasoundتحت الصوتية , allowing them to detect extremely low frequency sounds the way elephants do, and some scientists think birds can differentiate large-scale odor رائحةchanges over long distances (say, thousands of miles). I should point out that this latter claim is a bit controversialمثير للجدل —although some scientists have a little evidence supporting the hypothesisالفرضية , many have yet to concurيتفق. So as you can see, there are still many questions about bird migration.

 (quoted)

Tuesday, 22 December 2015

from (AR-Raheeq Al-Makhtum (THE SEALED NECTAR) Memoirs of the Noble Prophet Author: Saifur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri - Jamia Salafia - India- Translated by : Issam Diab


Muhammad’s Birth and Forty Years prior to Prophethood
His Birth:
Muhammad , the Master of Prophets, was born in Bani Hashim lane in Makkah on Monday morning, the ninth of Rabi‘ Al-Awwal, the same year of the Elephant Event, and forty years of the reign of Kisra (Khosru Nushirwan), i.e. the twentieth or twenty-second of April, 571 A.D., according to the scholar Muhammad Sulaimân Al-Mansourpuri, and the astrologer Mahmûd Pasha.[]
Ibn Sa‘d reported that Muhammad’s mother said: "When he was born, there was a light that issued out of my pudendum and lit the palaces of Syria." Ahmad reported on the authority of ‘Arbadh bin Sariya something similar to this.[]

It was but controversially reported that significant precursors accompanied his birth: fourteen galleries of Kisra’s palace cracked and rolled down, the Magians’ sacred fire died down and some churches on Lake Sawa sank down and collapsed.[]
His mother immediately sent someone to inform his grandfather ‘Abdul-Muttalib of the happy event. Happily he came to her, carried him to Al-Ka‘bah, prayed to Allâh and thanked Him. ‘Abdul-Muttalib called the baby Muhammad, a name not then common among the Arabs. He circumcised him on his seventh day as was the custom of the Arabs.[]

The first woman who suckled him after his mother was Thuyebah, the concubine of Abu Lahab, with her son, Masrouh. She had suckled Hamzah bin ‘Abdul-Muttalib before and later Abu Salamah bin ‘Abd Al-Asad Al-Makhzumi.[]

V+.. = اسم فاعل

1. beg  يشحذ
beggarشحاذ          
2. visit يزور
visitorزائر           
3. lead يقود
leader               قائد
4. invent  يخترع
inventor        مخترع
5. read     يقرأ
reader قارىء        
6. run  يركض
runner         راكض
7. win  يفوز
winner فائز       
8. sail  يبحر
sailor بحار         
9. travel  يسافر
traveller  مسافر    
10. begin  يبدأ
beginner مبتديء    
11. act  يمثل
actor ممثل           
12. rescue  ينقذ
rescuer منقذ            
er -or -ar قاعدة عامة فى اللغة الانجايزية ( ولها شواذ ) بان نضيف          
 للفعل ليصبح اسم فاعل