Grammar Review
Present perfect
tense
زمن
المضارع التام
يتكون المضارع التام من has / have + p.p.
- I have seen that film.
- He has sent me an e-mail this
morning.
يعبر المضارع التام عن
أحداث بدأت فى الماضى و مازالت مستمرا.
- I've lived in Cairo since 1999 / for 10 years. (I'm still living there.)
يعبر المضارع التام عن أحداث تمت حديثا.
- I've just finished my first year at university.
يعبر عن حدث تم فى الماضى
دون تحديد وقت حدوثه. و فى حالة تحديد وقت حدوثه نستخدم الماضى البسيط.
- She has polished her shoes.
- She polished
her shoes yesterday.
يستخدم المضارع التام مع
الكلمات الآتية:
already
/ just / ever / never / yet / since / for / so far / lately / recently
- He has typed five letters so
far.
ملاحظات:
يأتى بعد since زمن يحدد بداية الحدث أما for يأتى بعدها مدة هذا الحدث.
إذا جاء مع since فعل واحد يكون فى زمن المضارع التام أما إذا
جاء مع sinceفعلين
فالفعل
الذى يلى since يكون ماضي بسيط و الآخر مضارع تام.
- I haven’t seen him since last
week.
- I haven’t seen him since he left
for Cairo .
The present perfect continuous tense
زمن المضارع التام المستمر
يتكون المضارع التام
المستمر من has / have + been + v. + ing
- He has been learning English for five years.
يستخدم المضارع التام المستمر لنقول أن شخصا
مازال فى منتصف العمل أو أن الحدث لم ينتهى.
- Ali’s clothes are covered in paint. He has
been painting the ceiling.
يستخدم المضارع التام
المستمر مع ( ظرف زمنى since / for / all +)
- He has
been working there since he passed his exams.
- He has been working
there for a long time.
- He
has been playing football all day.
و غالبا ما تكون هناك كلمة
تؤكد على استمرارية الحدث مثل still /
now / yet.
- It has
been raining for three hours now.
- He has
been painting his flat and he hasn’t finished yet.
- He has been painting
his flat and he’s still painting it.
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